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S.M. (patient)
S.M., also sometimes referred to as SM-046, is a female patient first described in 1994 who has had exclusive and complete bilateral amygdala destruction since late childhood as a consequence of an extremely rare genetic condition known as Urbach–Wiethe disease. S.M. is notable in that, because of this damage, she has little to no capacity to experience fear or anxiety in her life, a characteristic which has resulted in her being dubbed by the media as the "woman with no fear". S.M. has been studied extensively in scientific research, and has helped researchers to elucidate the function of the amygdala.
==Characteristics==
Experiments with S.M. revealed no fear in response to exposure to or handling of snakes and spiders (including tarantulas), a walk through a haunted attraction (Waverly Hills Sanatorium, specifically), or fear-inducing film clips (e.g., ''The Blair Witch Project'', ''The Shining'', and ''The Silence of the Lambs''), instead only interest, curiosity, and excitement.〔 Research has revealed that S.M. is not immune to all fear however; along with other patients with bilateral amygdala damage, she was found to experience fear and panic attacks in response to simulation of the subjective experience of suffocation via carbon dioxide inhalation, feelings which she and the others described as completely novel to them.
S.M. is described as very outgoing, extremely friendly, and disinhibited, as well as "somewhat coquettish" (playfully flirtatious) and having an abnormally high desire and tendency to approach others. She is greatly impaired in recognizing negative social cues, such as being incapable of recognizing fear in the facial expressions of other people〔 and having difficulty judging trustworthiness and approachability in the faces of others.〔 These traits show consistency with the fact that she tends to quite indiscriminately approach and engage in physical contact with others.〔 In addition, S.M. appears to experience relatively little negative emotion,〔 whilst simultaneously experiencing a relatively high degree of positive affect, despite great adversity in her life.〔 In accordance, she tends to be very positive about most people, situations, and issues.〔 S.M. also exhibits impairments in the emotional processing of music; specifically, she shows selectively impaired recognition of sad and scary music.
In addition to her lack of fear, S.M. shows a lack of a sense of personal space, and experiences virtually no discomfort standing extremely close to strangers, even nose-to-nose with direct eye contact. She does understand the concept of personal space however, and acknowledges that other people need more personal space than she does. S.M. also shows memory differences. Emotionally arousing stimuli is known to undergo an enhancement of consolidation into long-term declarative memory (see emotion and memory), and this effect appears to be dependent on the amygdala. In accordance, S.M. displays impaired declarative memory facilitation for emotional material, while her memory consolidation for neutral material is normal. Additionally, S.M. appears to have a relatively high capacity for empathy compared to others,〔 which is in accordance with an emergence of "hyper empathy" in another woman who underwent right amygdalohippocampectomy to control severe epilepsy.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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